Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr.,1887 – 1945) was a Jamaican publishers, journalist, entrepreneur and orator, who was a staunch proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements (including the African American flag).  

He founded the Black Star Maritime Line, part of the Back-to-Africa movement, which promoted the return of the African Diaspora to their ancestral lands.

The intent of the movement was for those of African ancestry to “redeem” Africa and for the European colonial powers to leave it.

To what extent have the European (and U.S.) colonial powers left Africa?